Drug Abuse A Public Health Crisis Of Major Proportions

Drug abuse has become a public health crisis of major proportions. It sabotages physical and psychological health. This sometimes leading to chronic illness and sometimes even death. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), â€Å"An estimated twenty million Americans aged twelve or older used an illegal drug in the past thirty days.† The most commonly used and abused drugs today are marijuana, cocaine, meth, and heroin. Drugs are chemicals and while each drug may produce a different physical effect, all substances that are being abused share one common thing. They take over the normal function of the brain and they change the way the brain responds to issues of self control, emotion, motivation, judgment, learning, and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"By 1920, 14 states had adopted some form of prohibition.†, according to the book, Drugs Through The Ages. In the 1960s marijuana use became more popular than before. By 2007, 19.7 percent of hi gh school students nationwide smoked pot during a one-month period. TYPES OF DRUGS Marijuana is the most commonly abused drug in the United States. When you use marijuana, usually by smoking, it acts as a central system stimulate. Marijuana speeds up heart rate and raises blood pressure. At the same time, it can dull memory, which makes it harder to remember things and concentrate. Cocaine is also another commonly abused drug. Cocaine is usually snorted as a powder. It is a very addictive stimulate and very powerful. Users get an exhilarated feeling when they ingest cocaine, that is why most people tend to abuse this drug a lot. That feeling tends to last 30-45 minutes. Cocaine tightens blood vessels and speeds up the heart. Those cardiovascular effects are the main reason for cocaine-related deaths. The third most commonly abused drug is heroin. Heroin acts on the body’s central nervous system by stimulating the brain’s â€Å"reward center†, which controls pleasurable feelings. However, sometimes it can cause some of the brainâ €™s critical functions, like breathing, to slow down or completely stop working. Usually heroin is commonly injected, so people who use it are also at risk for HIV and hepatitis, because they can be transmitted through needles that are shared. HOW TO

Types of Nouns and Their Forms, Functions, and Meanings

In  The Teachers Grammar Book  (2005), James Williams admits that defining the term  noun  is such a problem that many  grammar  books do not even try to do it. Interestingly, however, one of the founders of  cognitive linguistics  has settled on a familiar definition: In elementary school, I was taught that a noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. In college, I was taught the basic linguistic doctrine that a noun can only be defined in terms of grammatical behavior, conceptual definitions of grammatical classes being impossible. Here, several decades later, I demonstrate the inexorable progress of grammatical theory by claiming that a noun is the name of a thing. -Ronald W. Langacker,  Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2008 Professor Langacker notes that his definition of  thing  subsumes people and places as special cases and is not limited to physical entities. Its probably impossible to come up with a universally accepted definition of  a noun. Like many other terms in linguistics, its meaning depends on  context  and use as well as the theoretical biases of the person doing the defining. So rather than wrestle with competing definitions, lets just briefly consider some of the conventional categories of nouns—or more precisely, some of the different ways of grouping nouns in terms of their (often overlapping) forms, functions, and meanings. For additional examples and more detailed explanations of these slippery categories, consult the resources in the Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms, covering topics like the possessive case and pluralizing nouns. Abstract Nouns  and  Concrete Nouns An  abstract noun  is a noun that names an idea, quality, or concept (courage  and  freedom, for example). A  concrete noun  is a noun that names a material or tangible object—something recognizable through the senses (such as  chicken  and  egg). But this apparently simple distinction can get tricky. Lobeck and Denham point out that the classification of a noun can change depending on how that noun is used and what its referring to in the real world. When  homework  refers to the idea of schoolwork that will be completed over time, it seems more abstract, but when it refers to an actual document that you submit for a class, it seems concrete. -Navigating English Grammar, 2014. Attributive Nouns An  attributive noun  is a noun that serves as an adjective in front of another noun--such as nursery  school and birthday  party. Because so many nouns can serve as adjective equivalents, its more accurate to regard  attributive  as a function than as a type. The clustering of nouns in front of another noun is sometimes called  stacking. Collective Nouns A  collective noun  is a noun that refers to a group of individuals—such as  team, committee, and  family. Either a singular or a plural pronoun can stand in for a collective noun, depending on whether the group is regarded as a single unit or as a collection of individuals. (See  Pronoun Agreement.) Common Nouns  and  Proper Nouns A  common noun  is a noun thats not the name of any particular person, place, or thing (for instance,  singer,  river, and  tablet). A  proper noun  is a noun that refers to a specific person, place, or thing (Lady Gaga,  Monongahela River, and  iPad).Most proper nouns are singular, and—with a few exceptions (iPad)—theyre usually written with initial capital letters. When proper nouns are used generically (as in keeping up with the  Joneses or a  xerox  of my term paper), they become, in a sense, common—and in some cases subject to lawsuits. (See  Generification.) Count Nouns  and  Mass Nouns A  count noun  is a noun that has both singular and plural forms—like  dog(s) and  dollar(s). A  mass noun  (also called a  noncount noun) is a noun thats generally used only in the singular and cant be counted—music  and  knowledge, for instance.Some nouns have both countable and non-countable uses, such as the countable dozen  eggs and the non-countable egg  on his face. Denominal Nouns A  denominal noun  is a noun thats formed from another noun, usually by adding a suffix—such as  guitarist  and  spoonful. But dont count on consistency. While a  librarian  usually works in a library and a  seminarian  usually studies in a seminary, a  vegetarian  can show up anywhere. (See  Common Suffixes in English.) Verbal Nouns A  verbal noun  (sometimes called a  gerund) is a noun thats derived from a verb (usually by adding the suffix  -ing) and that exhibits the ordinary properties of a noun—for example, My mother didnt like the idea of my  writing  a book about her.Most contemporary linguists distinguish  verbals  from  deverbals, but not always in precisely the same way.

Sexual Orientation Identity And Its Influence On Student...

Introduction As the student affairs profession develops, it is important to remain aware of how students and their identities are evolving. Higher education is constantly evolving, which is why it is extremely important to take sexual orientation identity and its influence on student development into account. In this paper, I will explore Fassinger’s (1998) sexual orientation identity model and provide an analysis of the theory. I will also share my findings from three interviews with students who are in different stages of sexual identity formation. Finally, I will address how knowledge of Fassinger’s Model and sexual identity development can inform the work of student affairs educators in creating more inclusive college and university environments. Fundamental Ideas Fassinger’s Model is influenced by racial and ethnic identity development models as well as gender identity development models. The theory offers a more inclusive perspective of various individuals in their sexual orientation identity formation (McCarn Fassinger, 1996). Fassinger’s Model was developed in an attempt to address the critiques of previously existing models. Fassinger’s model differs from other preexisting models in that the authors clearly distinguish between the two processes of personal development and group membership of same-sex sexual orientation (Evans et. al, 2010). In contrast to other models, this model uses phases versus stages, in order to provide flexibility and to demonstrate thatShow MoreRelatedSexual Identity And Adolescent Development Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesAcquiring a sexual identity is very important and critical to the development of adolescents. While neither sexual or gender identity has anything to do with an individua ls’ physical anatomy itself, both have separate, individual meanings. 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Russian Investors to the Declining Exchange Rate

Question: Describe about the Response for Russian Investors to the Declining Exchange Rate of the Ruble in Comparison to Euros? Answer: Evaluation of Russian investors According to reports of Financial Times, the investment climate of Russia is favorable for other companies because Russian Stock market is the cheapest in the world in terms of equity (www.ft.com, 2015). Majority of the Russian population is educated and possess huge amounts of natural wealth. The advancement in technology in Russia has been possible for the angel investors of Russia. Angel, investors are the individuals with high amounts of financial resources who are eager in funding start up ventures in return of a significant percentage of returns (www.sec.gov, 2013). The presence of huge number of angel investors in Russia has helped the country to build technological projects like Kaspersky Lab, Boeing aircraft factory, Microsoft and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Yergin and Gustafson, 1993). The Russian investors are also noted to take credit loans. The downgrade in the Russian credit has made the investors notable about the cons of the credit facilities. The closure o f the foreign capital markets is also making it necessary for the angel investors of Russia to invest in the capital markets because in the current scenario it is difficult for the Russian companies to get financing. Foreign investment opportunities are strong in Russia compared to other countries because of the cheap prices of the investments (www.ft.com, 2015). Sectors of Russian investment European union ranks as the number one trading partner of Russia accounting for around 41% of the trade relations between the two countries. Apart from EU some of the other sectors where Russia makes investment are China, USA, Japan, Turkey, Switzerland, South Korea etc. Russian investment is also recorded in UK. Russia made $ 11 bn investment in different industries of UK. The UK organizations generally benefits from Russias financial system and favorable tax conditions. As per the survey reports of UNCTAD, Russia was ranked as the eighth biggest investor economy in 2012 after US who was ranked first and UK who was ranked fifth (unctad.org, 2015). The capital investment options are risky in Russia because for the capital investments the Russia investors will have to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) for each investment. Areas of Russian investment Russian investment is majorly seen in the energy sector of countries like US, UK and China. Since majority of the investors in Russia are angel investors with huge amount of financial resources hence they majorly invest in the star up company projects that may generate initial loss for the investor but will generate high profits on the growth and maturity periods (ccsi.columbia.edu, 2015) Apart from these countries, Russia has also made considerable investments in the electricity sector of Georgia. The reports of the World Bank suggest that the lack of transparency in the electricity sector of Georgia and the presence of friendly laws concerning the foreign investments in Georgia are the major reasons behind the motivation for the Russian investors. Russias investment in Cyprus to help the country to overcome the debt crisis has been one of the trade relation strategies of the Russian investors. The investors in Russia invested around $33 billion in Cyprus and in return, Cyprus invested around $ 65 billion in Russia. The mutual investment and the promise of Russia of financial help for Cyprus in overcoming the after effects of debt gave rise to a mutual trading relation between Russia and Cyprus (BBC News, 2013). Sectors proving best returns As per the Forbes, the consumer staple industry, is the most favorable industry that generates higher returns compared to financial sector. Apart from these, sector the other sectors like the health and body care products, clothing companies, beverages and home good products are also considered to be some of the good return supplying sectors. According to Frolov (2011) the agricultural sector, the FDI and the energy sectors are amongst the sectors that provides good returns to an investor. Although investment in bonds and common stock can provide liquid returns to the investor, however these forms of investment do not provide good return. Some of the low beta sectors like Consumer staples, healthcare, utilities and telecommunication provide good returns to the investors (European Dept, 2013). As per the reports of the Morning Star the average returns that the Russian investors may expect from investment in these sectors of USA and EU are as follows: Sectors USA EU Banking and financial sector -6.30 -3.83 Oil industry 9.1% 8.59% Software 23.33% 32.01% Agriculture 0.31% -0.17% Table1: Average returns in respective industries (Source: News.morningstar.com, 2015) Sectors where investment becomes liquid According to Kopsov (2010) the investments that can be easily converted into liquid cash through sell or can be easily withdrawn from the banks are generally termed as the liquid investments. The major sectors where the investor may expect the investment to become liquid are generally the investments in stock, mutual funds, liquid assets like deposit of cash in banks etc. Russia has huge opportunities in China. The huge population of China has made the country economically liquid for the investment purpose. Moreover the political and military risks are also low in China hence the investments in the bonds and debentures can prove to be liquid investments for the investors. Apart from that the other liquid sectors of investment are the energy sectors and the agricultural sectors. Political and economical interactions Russia EU relations The Russian federation and EU are major partners in a number of key sectors namely economy, energy and security. Barysch, Coker and Jesien (2011) opined that the political relations between the two countries have strengthened due to their joined effort in eradicating the migration issues, organized crime and terrorism. Although the Russian and EU economic relations are expected to grow however the political relation is becoming unstable. To maintain the trading relations between Russia and EU the norms of the 1994 Partnership Co operation Agreement are accepted. The political scenario is controlled from four different prospects namely economy and environment, freedom, security and justice, external security and research and education. Russia is highly dependent on EU for the investment in the oil and gas sector. Hence, the country has to maintain good political relations with EU so that the potential oil investments are not hampered. However, the political situation between the two c ountries worsened following the Ukraine crisis. EU issued certain regulations against Russia that restricted Russias trade relations with EU. Russias negotiations for joining of OECD and International Energy Agency were denied by EU. Further, the EU-Russia summit was called off and the Russia visa issues were suspended (Cleutinx Piper, 2008). Russia United States Both Russia and United States maintains a diplomatic relationship in terms of politics and economy. However in terms of economic relations Russia and US shows an unbalanced relationship. Russia is the 20th largest trading partner of US and on the contrary US is the fifth largest trading partner of Russia. This indicates that Russia is importing more compared to the export rate with USA. The political turmoil arises due to the internal intervention of US on the taxation and duty levied systems of Russia. Initially in the 1947 the struggle between the US and Russia for domination in certain sectors gave rise to the cold war. Later the adoption of the different treaties contributed in making peace between the two countries. Since Russia is famous as a supplier of arms and ammunitions, hence the political military sphere is the most important component of Russia US relations (Kaskarelis, 2010).With the advent of the Kyoto Protocol the EU-Russian relationship in terms of investments were strengthened. The EU-Russian energy dependency has made the political and economic conditions strong between the two countries (Trenin, 2007). US- EU The US-EU relation is important in respect of trade and political issues however; both the countries are natural allies in the matter of legal proceedings (Jovic-Lazic, 2012). The Relation between these two countries are based on the Transatlantic Declaration of 1990. The guideline of this regulation states that both the countries will adopt a diplomatic relation in politics, economy, education, science and culture. The two countries combined together represent around 60% of the global GDP and 33% of the international trade. The Transatlantic Economic Council established the direct economic regulations between the two countries. Some of the existing issues between the two countries are regarding arms and ammunitions supply, use of genetically modified foods, defense contracts, Boeing and Airbus subsidies and capital punishments. The arms and defense help from Russia to EU and the biasness of EU towards the Russian airplane maker Boeing in terms of defense contract sanctions were matters of political turmoil between EU and US (Cameron, 2010). Comparison of main sectors The investment in the banking and financial sectors of USA can yield liquid returns however the stringent economic policy of EU shows that the investment in the banking sector will not be fruitful. Moreover, the agricultural investment and the investment in the energy sector are both profitable in the EU sector compared to USA. The European Energy Efficiency Fund is also generated in EU to generate investments in the states under EU. The energy sector in US involves the investment by the private s well as the public investors. Hence the investment strategies are diverse in US (Koopmann, 2004). Game theory model Game theory is well suited for the adverse conditions that arise in a particular situation. Investment is a Zero sum game that means that for every winner there will be a loser. The following model shows the conditions that a Russian investor may opt for in order to become a player in the share market (Alpcan, ButtyaÃÅ' n and Baras, 2010). Two scenarios in the game theory: Scenario 1: Russia should invest Scenario 2: Russia should not invest If Russia decides to invest the there are three areas for investment namely China, EU and USA. Based on the sub scenarios the game theory will set the following conditions namely: Russias investment in China Russias investment in EU Russias investment in USA Moreover, the investment decision in these there countries will depend upon the major areas of investment. The major investment sectors for Russia that are identified are as follows namely Banking, agriculture, financial investment, durable goods, oil industry and software. Thus, the final conditions for the theory will be as follows: Condition 1: Russias investment in Chinas agricultural sector Condition 2: Russias investment in Chinas oil industry Condition 3: Russias investment in Chinas banking sector Condition 4: Russias investment in Chinas durable goods Condition 5: Russias investment in Chinas software Condition 7: Russias investment in EUs agricultural sector Condition 8: Russias investment in EUs software Condition 9: Russias investment in EUs banking sector Condition 10: Russias investment in EUs durable goods Condition 11: Russias investment in EUs oil industry Condition 12: Russias investment in USAs oil industry Condition 13: Russias investment in USAs durable goods Condition 14: Russias investment in USAs banking sector Condition 15: Russias investment in USAs software Condition 16: Russias investment in USAs agriculture Reference list Alpcan, T., ButtyaÃÅ' n, L. and Baras, J. (2010).Decision and game theory for security. Berlin: Springer. Barysch, K., Coker, C. and Jesien, L. (2011). EU-Russia relations: time for a realistic turnaround.European View, 10(1), pp.137-138. BBC News, (2013).Why so much Russian money in Cyprus?. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21831943 [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. Binmore, K. (2007).Does game theory work?. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. European Dept, I. (2013).Russian Federation. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Financial Times, (2015).Russia fund reveals target sectors - FT.com. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/058f096c-9dbc-11e0-b30c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3ULgHbHgN [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. Gudkov, F. (2013). Investments in Innovationsor Russian "Investment Roulette".Problems of Economic Transition, 56(6), pp.32-39. Investment from Russia stabilizes after the global crisis, (2015).ccsi.columbia.edu. [online] Available at: https://ccsi.columbia.edu/files/2013/10/Russia_2011.pdf [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. Cameron, F. (2010). The politics of EU-Russia energy relations.EU-Russia Energy Relations. OGEL collection, Euroconfidential, 25-38. Cleutinx, C., and Piper, J. (2008). The EU-Russia energy dialogue.Pipelines, Politics and Power: The Future of EU-Russia Energy Relations, 25-33.Kaskarelis, V. (2010). The Nature and Scope of the US-EU Relationship.Mediterranean Quarterly, 21(1), pp.15-24. Koopmann, G. (2004). The EU, the USA and the WTO An uneasy relationship.Intereconomics, 39(2), pp.58-59. Trenin, D. (2007). Russia redefines itself and its relations with the West.Washington Quarterly,30(2), 95-105. News.morningstar.com, (2015).Morningstar.com: Industry Returns. [online] Available at: https://news.morningstar.com/stockReturns/IndustryTop100Stocks.html?industry=10101001 [Accessed 16 Mar. 2015]. unctad.org, (2015).WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT InvestIng In the sDgs: An ActIon PlAn. [online] Available at: https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2014_overview_en.pdf [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. www.ft.com, (2015).Russian investment. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4cc3f454-86a8-11e4-9c2d00144feabdc0.html#axzz3ULgHbHgN [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. www.sec.gov, (2013).Angel Investors Critical Initiators of Startups and Job Creation. [online] Available at: https://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/acsec/acsec-091713-verrill-hudson-slides.pdf [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. Yergin, D. and Gustafson, T. (1993).Russia 2010. New York: Random House.